Michael Fullan and his Long-lasting Legacy

Michael Fullan is acknowledged as one of the leaders in teacher instruction and a major advocate of educational reform in the whole universe. He is an icon in the planetary academic community and holds esteemed places in honored educational establishments in Canada. The celebrated Fullan is a professor emeritus at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto and a physician of doctrine. He was dean of the module of instruction at the University of Toronto from 1988 to 2003. Fullan has been conferred honorary doctor's degrees from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland and from Nipissing University in Canada ( Prolonging Reform, 2005 ) . The pacemaker in primary plans of alteration in the school leading and plans for educational betterments is an writer of assorted publications on the topic of educational alteration. Michael Fullan is a fecund author. Some of his outstanding plants that have been given awards are The New Meaning of Educational Change, 3rd Edition, Leading in a Culture of Change, Change Forces: The Sequel, A Change Forces: Probing the Depths of Educational ReformA , and the What ‘s Deserving Fighting ForA series. His recent bestselling pieces are The Six Secrets of Change and Motion Leadership. His latest best sellers areA The Six Secrets of Change andA Motion Leadership. As an agent of alteration in the academic, Fullan has played a prima function as policy wise man, research worker and trainer on assorted undertakings in coaction with and for instructors ‘ associations, research and development organisations and international bureaus both in Canada and other states. He is at the nucleus of the group set abouting a four twelvemonth assessment of the National Literacy and Numeracy Strategy in England. Michael Fullan is called the reform designer of Ontario. He enjoys strong concern connexions which stand to derive straight from his reforms. All of the reforms place greater accent on raising literacy and numeracy results through targeted support, ageless instructor and chief retraining, intensifying intercessions and greater answerability for standardised trial public presentation. He runs Michael Fullan Enterprises Inc. and Leadership4Change, and he occupies a topographic point on the board of international advisers of Microsoft ‘s, Partners in Learning. ( Thompson, 2009 ) .The Need for ChangeFullan emphasizes that ‘effective school leaders are the cardinal to large-scale, sustainable instruction reform. For some clip, pedagogues have believed that principals must be instructional leaders if they are to be the effectual leaders needed for sustained invention. School capacity is the important variable impacting instructional quality and corresponding pupil accomplishmen t. At the bosom of school capacity are principals focused on the development of instructors ‘ cognition and accomplishments, professional community, plan coherency, and proficient resources ( Fullan, 2002 ) ‘ . As explained by Fullan, the load lies on the shoulders of the principals since they are chiefly responsible for originating and supervising the preparation of instructors so that the latter can be efficient and effectual conveyers of cognition to their pupils. Fink and Resnick suggest that school territory caputs should spearhead attempts to develop principals into instructional leaders who could accomplish a large-scale turnaround in literacy and numeracy. They described some nucleus schemes for developing the function of the principal as instructional leader, including five reciprocally reenforcing sets of strategic activities: nested larning communities, chief institutes, leading for direction, equal acquisition, and single coaching ( 2001, pp. 598-606 ) . The long-run function of principals, so, is to supply instructional leading for their instructors. With this trade name of headship, the instructors can be relied upon to transport out the basic duty of leaving to their several pupils the cognition that they deserve and need. Fullan adds, there is a demand for leaders who can make a cardinal transmutation in the acquisition civilizations of schools and of the instruction profession itself. The function of the principal as instructional leader is excessively narrow a construct to transport the weight of the sorts of reforms that will make the schools that we need for the hereafter. Like the concern leader, the principal of the hereafter, the cultural alteration principal, must be cognizant of the large image, that of a sophisticated conceptual mind who transforms the organisation through people and squads ( Fullan, 2001 ) . Similarly, ‘the other traits of a civilization alteration chief include the ability to attest a profound and thorough ethical rule. He or she must be a trendsetter and possess the adroitness to cover with the procedure of alteration and realizes that instruction is both an rational and moral profession. More significantly the civilization alteration principal should spot that constructing relationships and squads is the most hard accomplishment for both concern and instruction leaders ‘ . To be a successful leader of alteration, it is advisable to follow the statement that the distinguishable facet common to successful alteration is that relationships get better. Therefore, if relationships get better, schools develop. If relationships remain the same or acquire worse, land is lost. Therefore, leaders set up relationships with different people and groups. During hard times, emotional intelligence is imperative. Emotionally intelligent leaders are able to construct relationships because they are cognizant of their ain emotional make-up and are sensitive and animating to others ( Goleman, Boyatzis, & A ; McKee, 2002 ) . Indeed, sweeping alterations must happen in the instruction sector and when these alterations have been implemented, school decision makers, principals and instructors must see to it that these additions should be sustained and protected. As indicated by Fullen, the chief point is about a alteration in the civilization of schools and a alteration in the civilization of learning. ‘Reculturing is the chief work of leading, and it requires an implicit in conceptualisation of the cardinal elements that feed it. It is the context of the school and territory in which they work which means that principals have to be about as concerned about the success of other schools in the territory as they are about their ain schools. ‘Effective LeadershipIn his book, Leading for Change, Michael Fullan affirms that the more complex society gets, the more sophisticated leading must go. The eventuality theoretical account is intended to supply a model that will gestate leading as a developmental procedure that will take into history the dynamic and unstable context of the school by associating the most appropriate leading manner to the demands of the school. Fixing leaders to successfully work within a context of alteration and uncertainness is overriding. Guaranting that these leaders get the cognition and accomplishments necessary to utilize these assorted theoretical accounts is imperative ( Stewart, 2006 ) . Merely like corporate organisations, educational establishments depend on leading for continued being. They have to go learning organisations to digest all obstructions and win in their projects. Training and bring forthing effectual leaders in educational establishments can non be limited to instilling effectual traits in people. Organizations and schools should be developed to back up the corporate signifier of leading where persons feel safe, supported and free to believe and move creatively ( Stewart ) . The decisions of Arthur Levine about leading readying plans were non at all encouraging. The quality of most readying plans for instruction leaders ranges from insufficient to gross outing. The state ‘s educational disposal plans need to fix high quality principals and overseers, who can take schools and school territories through the profound alterations called for under province betterment programs. More than 40 per centum of principals and a higher per centum of overseers are expected to go forth their occupations over the following decennary which means that the state faces an pressing demand to educate big Numberss of extremely skilled decision makers ( Levine, 2005 ) . Ii is hence imperative that the province should work closer with school decision makers, principals and instructors to pass the system that does non look to work decently. Educational direction plans need more polish if merely to determine that top-quality instructors, who can execute satisfactorily, are produced in the old ages to come. In response to this predication of Levine is a discourse by Schmoker, ‘the sarcasm is merely excessively much.A Your school, labeled underperforming or an tantamount term, has to develop an betterment program. A Unfortunately, it is merely such betterment planning that presently accounts for a big portion of school failure. ThereA areA straightforward, proven means for bettering accomplishment in virtually any school scene. But school betterment planning, like its sister, school reform merelyA distracts us from the difficult work ofA bettering instruction ( 2003 ) . Possibly, a really relevant theory espoused by Michael Fullan is his recommendation that Change is needed to develop schools as learning communities. Collegiality provides the best get downing point in the procedure of instructor regeneration. Traveling or larning enriched ‘ schools are what he calls professional acquisition communities. Teaching demands to be seen as a collective instead than an single endeavor. This is the ground why it means it is easier to learn in some schools than others. Successful schools enforce, through moral duties, consistent criterions and they are more likely to swear and value others and inquire for and portion expertness. This is what makes such schools easier to learn, and larn to learn better in, than others. Teachers in such schools are less likely to uncritically conform to enforce thoughts. They have developed the capacity to self reflect, to analyze pupil public presentation and act on their ain apprehensions ( Fullan, 2001 ) . Fullan portions to the populace, six alleged messages about alteration which are extremely pertinent to the points being discussed in this treatise. To sum up Fullan ‘s arrows on alteration, ‘the first is people should happen significance in reform to bring forth the coveted impact ; 2nd, bing schemes will non acquire us to where we want to travel ; third, although short-run additions can be achieved by standards-based reform, it is lifelessly if the decision is that schools should make more of the same ; 4th, the acquisition organization/community is more than a cliche ; 5th, we need to see the corporate good ; and sixth, we have to larn to populate with alteration. With regard to leading, Fullan mentions the four facets of leading, doing a difference in the lives of pupils ; perpetrating to cut downing the spread between high and low performing artists within your school or territory ; lending to cut downing the spread in the larger environment ; and transforming the working ( or larning conditions ) of others so that growing, committedness, battle, and changeless spawning of leading in others are being fostered. Finally, Fullan interpolates that leaders at many degrees must be cultivated as people learn in context. An organisation can non flourish-at least, non for long-on the actions of the top leader entirely. Schools and territories need many leaders at many degrees. Learning in context helps bring forth such leaders. Further, for leaders to be able to cover with complex jobs, they need many old ages of experience and professional development on the occupation. To some extent, a school leader ‘s effectivity in making a civilization of sustained alteration will be determined by the leaders he or she leaves behind ( 2002 ) . It is besides important at this point to understand the six secrets of alteration that Fullan wrote approximately so as to assist in dissecting the elements of leading and alteration.Fullan ‘s Six Secrets of ChangeSecret figure one is Love your Employees every bit much as your clients. Secret figure two is Connect Peers with Purpose. Secret figure three is Capacity Judgment trumps Judgementalism. Secret Number Four is Learning is the Work. Secret Number Five is Transparency Rules. Secret Number Six is Systems Learn ( Fullan, 2008 ) . Possibly, one of the most indispensable secrets is figure three – capacity-building undeniably precedes the development of the shared efficaciousness of the major participants to obtain the needful amendments in instruction every bit good as acquisition. Fullan highlights the demand to develop the corporate effectivity of a group of the whole system to really acquire more reform in instruction and acquisition and pupil results.A The three parametric quantities are new accomplishments and competences ; resources, thoughts, stuffs and money ; and the 3rd is motive as a capacity. When people are motivated the capacity goes up to acquire something done ( 2008 ) .A Learning is the work is merely every bit of import. Professional acquisition is what goes on twenty-four hours after day.A The indicant Fullan considered was ‘the difference between the effectual administrations and the less than effectual 1s as they had civilizations where learning and larning for the grownups was a core portion of the mundane civilization ‘ . Transparency is besides every bit critical because there should ever be accessA to pattern, informations, consequence and accomplishments. Meanwhile, linking equals with intent is about focussed equal communicating and lifting above the top-down and bottom-up difference. Systems Learn, says Fullan and although this may be abstract, it should be interpreted as being done operationally. Leaderships have to be on the dance floor and the balcony at the same clip ( Heifitz and Linsky, 2002 ) . Systems learn when you get this tri-level support underway, surely within a school if you think of turnover of caputs, school caputs, the chief job with turnover is non turnover itself but discontinuity of good way. A So the issue about systems larning is how you get continuity of good way, constructing on it but still that grade of continuity ( Fullan, 2008 ) .A Steping into leading functions is worth the hazard when your ends extend beyond material addition or personal promotion. By doing the lives of people around you better, leading provides significance to life. If alterations are efficaciously put in topographic point, most likely, the necessary educational reforms will be realized. During the last 20 old ages, the value and impact of the educational reform motion has been cause for a batch of arguments. Many school practicians and research workers have asserted that one fact remains clear: the function of the school decision maker has increased in complexness. In order to run into the challenge of this leading crisis, leaders from all degrees in school territories will necessitate to concentrate on systemic alteration to heighten alteration capacity and sustainability. The clip has come to alter the context of school in an attempt to do the place more rewarding and exciting. The function of the principal is polar to systemic school alteration and pupil accomplishment. Fullan shows how moral leading can reinvent the principal-ship and convey about large-scale school betterment by disputing all who work in instruction to rethink the critical function of the principal as school leader in the current epoch of answerability ( Normore, 2004 ) . Fullan adds that in complex societies, bring forthing and prolonging a critical public school system is a tall order. There must be a really competent learning force. However, this can non be achieved without leaders supplying the counsel and way. The principals, hence, play a polar function ( 2003 ) .Concentrating on SolutionsIn his protagonisms, Fullan broached the idea that a systematic reply is needed to postulate with the issues on the betterment of school leading. He proposes a tri-level solution that focuses on entire system transmutation through the witting, deliberate, brooding actions of the province in tri-level capacity edifice within a model of answerability. The school/community is the first of these degrees ; the territory or part is the mid degree ; and the province or policy degree is the 3rd. While the school/community and the district/region are making their several duties, the province has to demo the manner because system transmutation will non come about if the former fails to carry through its primary function. Government or province functionaries must plunge themselves in the cognition base about alteration, capacity-building within a model of answerability and as a consequence, start to believe otherwise. They have to move otherwise with regard to whom they appoint as leaders around them, what policies and schemes they formulate, and how they focus and enhance resources. Last, the province must radically redefine its relationship with the other two degrees by being more transparent, more involved, patterning and taking capacity edifice at their ain degree, and assisting to take and ease co-determined solutions across the other two degrees ( Fullan, 2005 ) . Large graduated table reforms will non work efficaciously. It should be a well-organize tri-level reform wherein all those who are involved monitor developments and larning from their experiences as they go along.Analyzing the Views of Michael FullanThe diverse and edifying academic point of views of Michael Fullan on school reform, school leading and instructor instruction have produced legion leads for much-needed reforms in the educational system of many establishments and caused the transmutation of the instruction profession. I to the full agree with Michael Fullan that the learning profession should be re-cultured or re-created. After all, his credibleness, expertness, academic and professional accomplishments every bit good as experience can non be doubted. As Fullan competently described, ‘the learning profession still has to come of age. This new professionalism should be collaborative and non independent. It must be unfastened instead than closed, outward looking instead than insular, and important but non commanding. More than anything else, the new professionalism will do immense demands on instructors ‘ ain acquisition to larn about: acquisition manners, multiple intelligences, how to incorporate engineering ; how to interact with grownups ‘out there ‘ and how to acquire more support for their instruction ‘ . The major points that Fullan raised about school leading are deserving sing and following for they are non merely phenomenal. His thoughts are really practical and can easy adaptable provided that a co-ordinated and uninterrupted coaction between the province, school leaders and instructors is formed. Finally, the new and yet sturdy mode in covering with the larning procedure wherein the single head blends with the corporate heads should be followed for merely through this system can alter be attained. There must be an merger of expertness and thoughts to convey about additions and educational transmutation in the old ages to come. There can be no other better description than the one given by the adult male they call the Agent of Change.A ‘Imposed constructions and criterions will ne'er by themselves be able to derive teacher committedness and inventiveness, but every bit, school left entirely will either be unable to portion effectual thoughts or go stray. A delicate balance of top down and bottom up reform will be required but to win single school must non merely experience that they are in control of their ain development but besides feel portion of a bigger society transformational motion something that is deserving contending for! ‘ 3004 Wordss

Reaction Paper: Always

It all started with a quite bit of confusion. I thought the film was about the history of Japan or whatever but then as we arrived in the cinema and start watching the movie I got curious why it was like a comedy and a little bit drama kind of movie. The movie was set back on 1958 at the time of the construction of the Tokyo Tower so the screen’s color was brownish (Classic) and the actors and actresses’ dress were classic too. There are two 2 families in this story the Suzuki family and the Chagawa family. The Suzuki family was more capable than Chakagawa family. To start the story, it is about a teenage girl named Mutsuko arrives in Tokyo to take a job in a major automotive company but finds that she is employed by a small auto repair shop owned by Suzuki. The Suzuki shop lies almost in the shadow of the Tokyo Tower as it rises steadily above the skyline during construction in 1958. Others in the neighborhood also are striving to better themselves as Japan continues to emerge from the shadow of war. Abandoned by his single mother, young Junnosuke is first handed off to Hiromi but she passes him off to Ryunosuke Chagawa, a struggling writer who only manages to sell adventure stories for boys as his serious novels continue to be rejected.. This two families are sometimes not in good terms but in the end they all became friends when Hiromi give birth to her baby while they’re watching the Olympics. I like the movie so much, actually to be honest it made my cry. Especially in the scene of Ryunosuke Chagawa when he knew that his father loves him so much, that his father bought all the episodes of his book. It’s like, for how many years of pain and for how many years that he was mad with his father still, father is a father. And the scene of Junnosuke when he needs to come back home because he forgot the pen the Chagawa gave when he’s still a child. Then I was also amazed in what Japan did in the opening of Olympics in that year. I was like â€Å"Wow! Astig! †. They made the 5 rings of Olympics’ logo by the jets, the jets were the one who draw it. The movies is very beautiful, simple and fantastic it is about everyday difficulties and joys of people. What I like most in this movie and to conclude it all, I love or like this movie because it was filled with bits of memorable moments that would send you bursting out with laughter while tears are still continuing to fill up your eyes. I promise to recommend this movie to my family, friends and other classmates. One of the best movie I’ve ever watched.

Eight Stages In the Development of Man

Aging in the middle ages is certain that life has meaning and it is clear what life really is, it assigned to humans as highly important compare to all living things. The life span on earth is only diminutive interval, as we stay on earth the soul temporary become a prison of the body, the human body experience a short trial and test meant to end death. The important aspect is the life after death of the body, the existence of human being is not focused on what was gained in this material world, what life can offer, but reserves the immortal soul from death and ceaseless death and torture, by gaining endless life and everlasting happiness.In the development of man in a chronological way there are eight stages infancy (0-2years), early childhood (age 2-6), middle childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (12-18 years), early adulthood (18-40), middle adulthood (40-60), the irregular sounding early late adulthood (60-75) and late adulthood (75+).   In childhood development, children develo p rapidly as they are exposed to different attitudes and behaviors. They learn many things formally and informally, these experiences contribute to their emotional, intellectual, physical and social development.Adolescence has traditionally been viewed to begin with puberty, a sudden spurt in physical growth accompanied by sexual maturity. There is a common image of adolescents as unpredictable creatures, prone to mood swing and wild emotional outbursts. This shows that adolescents are more emotionally volatile than adults. In adulthood the individuals grow older they confront new combinations of biological drives and societal demands.By forty years old, most people are all too aware of the changes occurring within their bodies. Strength and vigor in various organ systems decline and changes are readily visible in body shapes and skin as bulges and wrinkles gradually replace gradually replace the sleek torsos and smooth exterior of youth. Sexual activity tends to decrease for both s exes and women in their late forties or early fifties experience pause.Physical changes are inevitable during mid-life, but the magnitude and the rate of such changes are strongly influenced by the the individual lifestyle. Growing evidence suggests that such factors as physical exercise, personal nutrition and effective management of stress may be better predictors of physical vigor and health than age.Comparative research has been made choosing animal models for research in aging, examination of animals is made so that the importance and suitability of particular genus for studies on aging. They use animal model on research for aging because it is a living life form on which a normative natural or behavioral characteristic of aging can be studied. It a semantic confusion when we hear the term research on aging, so we must characterize the areas of scientific analysis on aging.There are two wide categories to do research – the biology of aging or pathology of aging. When we refer to the biology of aging it is commonly based on the origin that aging and are normal processes, a fraction of physiological range in which aging is a step in the progress of the normal life span. Whereas, the pathology of aging is based on the basis that aging is a disease.To define aging more precisely, research should give more focus on genetic inclination from birth to old age, which may require the evaluation of very young  subjects to typify its growth and eventual appearance in the aged. The occurrence of  disease, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infectious agents that affect the elderly  that manifest only at their old age. The most important goals of biomedical and  behavioral research on aging is to develop the worth of life for the aged, to have a direct  development of efficient health concern services for the aged.  Ã‚  There are two kinds of aging, primary aging and secondary aging.Primary aging  refers to changes produced by increasing age . Secondary aging can be traced to changes  resulting from disease, disuse, or abuse of our bodies. It is incorrect to attribute ill health  and discomfort to simply the negative effects of old age. Factors such as lifestyle and  specific illnesses, which are not age related, should be considered as possible causes.Indeed, our physical state during later life is more under our control. Such psychological ideas came from Greek and Roman thought. There is a concealed measurement of ancient philosophy that appeal to a theory divine transcendence ultimately triumphed in form of religion. Both prehistoric and medieval civilizations took for granted that the thoughtful means of life represented the utmost opportunity of human subsistence. This reality is essential to understand the contemporary apprehension of old age, which is a horror of the vacuum, the indeterminate state of apathy.The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other  people†™s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus,  influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the  elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the  Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging.On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a a person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old ag e is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancientGreek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus; influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the elderly.There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas andattitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe tha t as a   person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for thedeath of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a  individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods.Deprived wellbeing in aging requires increased beneficial expenditures that transmit income from other essential areas such as home preservation or the purchase of food. There should be a concerned social or physical environment may retard the rate of functional loss to some degree. Successful planning for an aging society obviously requires attention to the qualitative aspects of aging as well as to the quantitati ve features. Such factors mostly define the value of life at any age and include not only health status but also monetary standing and aspects of both social and substantial environment.There are large numbers of changes in the ways aging people experience in their environments, during the years of adulthood and into old age. These changes engross the course of sensation and perception. We define sensation as the transmission of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and feel of the internal and outside environments, into terms that the brain can use to interpret these signals. In contrast, the term perception is the procedure that happens in the brain as it integrates these signals with the person’s past comprehension and information coming from the different experiences.The aging process affects both sensation and perception in the tangential and central mechanism of the nervous system. Lots of information is available which are responsible on the aging of the structures for s ensation compare on the aging of upper level brain centers concerned in perception. There are deep effects on adjustment of the many age correlated changes in the understanding of intellect information. In every day existence adults use sensory and perceptual processes, from ordinary routine interaction to difficult problem situations, and even on matters of life and death.Context is a common issue that may strengthen the usual cognitive problems of aging. The associated changes in the brain dopamine has influence how people process background information, which in turn can hurt concentration memory and more. The psychologist have establish the â€Å"absent link† between the aging brain and waning cognitive abilities, there are also studies that shows where the older people and younger people pathways in context processing. The slow lessening of the ability to gain and utilize background clues could clarify why aging people refuse cognition across a range of function. Psychol ogist develops complete, brain based representation of normal aging, that makes them able to eventually slow or stop these worrying cognitive decline.The best example is when psychologist uses dopamine to be used in context   Ã‚  processing which is a kind of psychological â€Å"operating system† that sits among the brain’s prefrontal cortex and cognition; they believe that definite sufficient levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, the prefrontal cortex consistently enables to course for a thought, memory of the actions. Therefore, context processing can have a wide impact, straddling cognitive process once thought to be autonomous. The context processing, has the capability to supersede a defaulting behavior to perform something in a contextually suitable way. To sum it up, in this process helps aging people to decide which way to go to the market, what to utter based on who is listening or what uncertain word would mean in a meticulous sentence.Health promotion has been a functional social science whose theoretical structure has developed from a psychology, anthropology and sociology foundation. Since 1970’s there are already programs given based on the theories of health promotions, usually implemented across large populations. It is also a mixture of health education and related managerial, political, and economic changes conductive to wellbeing. A health promotion program, then, is planned to improve the health and welfare of individuals and communities by giving the people with the information, expertise, services, and sustainability needed to take on and preserve optimistic lifestyle changes.Successful health promotion programs are health enhancement programs; they go further than providing information to effect behavioral alteration. It emphasize has been on physical health condition and health assurance, usual study of insurance price infer that the health promotion program could decrease morbidity from disease.Two types of learning programs for older drivers have been developed, the first one is precautionary driving approach to decrease fears and sharpen driving skills. The next program is for older citizens who had one or other accidents and uses a defensive-driving/traffic school approach to decrease threat of accident. Programs may be offered in a multiplicity of setting such as senior and district centers.The organization of support groups, conducting of meetings of people with meticulous emotional wants share and discuss the crisis the member faces. These groups can be organized by retirement homes, hospitals, senior centers, and community interest society.Reassurance of telephone programs, it is the duty of a fit and self sufficient person to voluntary calls a homebound or apprehensive elder person each day at the same time to check on his protection and well being. Transportation programs, there are vans or minibuses that provide transport for older adults or the handicapped to physicians, hos pital, clinics.Volunteer programs, any sort of organization that operates more efficiently and has increased sense of community importance if an efficient volunteer is developed and equipped. Program developments include advances in public wellbeing, preventive and curative medicine, health education, and medical technology have caused enormous changes in the configuration of the populace of aging populations.ConclusionEveryone of us started from being a child until we reach old age, as we grow older we become unique to other people, each of us has a different genetic make up. During the life course, the range of those persons is created by how person invested time and energy. The life time approach to the learning of aging is one way of conceptualizing many of the factors that influence how individual modify as they grow older, and how different personality show unlike patterns of change in aging.Work CitedCockayne K. (2003). Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome. Sociology, Routlid ge Publishing.Decalmer P. and Glandenning F. (1997) The Mistreatment of Elderly People. Sociology. Sage Publication. Sage Newbury Park, CA.Davies, J.K., Gordon M., editor (1998). Quality, Evidence, and Health Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Routledge Publishing.Gilford, D. M. (1988).The Aging Population In The Twenty-First Century. Contributor National Academy of Sciences. National Academic Press.Haber, D. (2007). Health Promotion of Aging; Practical Applications for Health Professionals. Fourth edition. Springer Publishing CompanyTimmreck, T.C. (2003).Planning Program Development and Evaluation. Jones and Barlett Publishers.Timiras, P.S., (2002) Physiological Basis of Aging And Geriatrics. Mac Millan Publishing. New York.Webb, R.C., (1999). Psychology of The Consumer And It’s Development .Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York. Eight Stages In the Development of Man Aging in the middle ages is certain that life has meaning and it is clear what life really is, it assigned to humans as highly important compare to all living things. The life span on earth is only diminutive interval, as we stay on earth the soul temporary become a prison of the body, the human body experience a short trial and test meant to end death.The important aspect is the life after death of the body, the existence of human being is not focused on what was gained in this material world, what life can offer, but reserves the immortal soul from death and ceaseless death and torture, by gaining endless life and everlasting happiness.In the development of man in a chronological way there are eight stages infancy (0-2years), early childhood (age 2-6), middle childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (12-18 years), early adulthood (18-40), middle adulthood (40-60), the irregular sounding early late adulthood (60-75) and late adulthood (75+).   In childhood development, children develop rapidly as they are exposed to different attitudes and behaviors. They learn many things formally and informally, these experiences contribute to their emotional, intellectual, physical and social development.Adolescence has traditionally been viewed to begin with puberty, a sudden spurt in physical growth accompanied by sexual maturity. There is a common image of adolescents as unpredictable creatures, prone to mood swing and wild emotional outbursts. This shows that adolescents are more emotionally volatile than adults. In adulthood the individuals grow older they confront new combinations of biological drives and societal demands.By forty years old, most people are all too aware of the changes occurring within their bodies. Strength and vigor in various organ systems decline and changes are readily visible in body shapes and skin as bulges and wrinkles gradually replace gradually replace the sleek torsos and smooth exterior of youth. Sexual activity tends to decrease for both se xes and women in their late forties or early fifties experience pause.Physical changes are inevitable during mid-life, but the magnitude and the rate of such changes are strongly influenced by the the individual lifestyle. Growing evidence suggests that such factors as physical exercise, personal nutrition and effective management of stress may be better predictors of physical vigor and health than age.Comparative research has been made choosing animal models for research in aging, examination of animals is made so that the importance and suitability of particular genus for studies on aging. They use animal model on research for aging because it is a living life form on which a normative natural or behavioral characteristic of aging can be studied. It a semantic confusion when we hear the term research on aging, so we must characterize the areas of scientific analysis on aging.There are two wide categories to do research – the biology of aging or pathology of aging. When we r efer to the biology of aging it is commonly based on the origin that aging and are normal processes, a fraction of physiological range in which aging is a step in the progress of the normal life span. Whereas, the pathology of aging is based on the basis that aging is a disease.To define aging more precisely, research should give more focus on genetic inclination from birth to old age, which may require the evaluation of very young  subjects to typify its growth and eventual appearance in the aged. The occurrence of  disease, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infectious agents that affect the elderly  that manifest only at their old age. The most important goals of biomedical and  behavioral research on aging is to develop the worth of life for the aged, to have a direct  development of efficient health concern services for the aged.There are two kinds of aging, primary aging and secondary aging. Primary aging  refers to changes produced by increasing age. Second ary aging can be traced to changes  resulting from disease, disuse, or abuse of our bodies. It is incorrect to attribute ill health  and discomfort to simply the negative effects of old age. Factors such as lifestyle and  specific illnesses, which are not age related, should be considered as possible causes.Indeed, our physical state during later life is more under our control. Such psychological ideas came from Greek and Roman thought. There is a concealed measurement of ancient philosophy that appeal to a theory divine transcendence ultimately triumphed in form of religion. Both prehistoric and medieval civilizations took for granted that the thoughtful means of life represented the utmost opportunity of human subsistence. This reality is essential to understand the contemporary apprehension of old age, which is a horror of the vacuum, the indeterminate state of apathy.The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other  people’s liv es. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus,  influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the  elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the  Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging.On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a a person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is   a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus; influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the elderly.There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe tha t as a   person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a  individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods.Deprived wellbeing in aging requires increased beneficial expenditures that transmit income from other essential areas such as home preservation or the purchase of food. There should be a concerned social or physical environment may retard the rate of functional loss to some degree. Successful planning for an aging society obviously requires attention to the qualitative aspects of aging as well as to the quanti tative features. Such factors mostly define the value of life at any age and include not only health status but also monetary standing and aspects of both social and substantial environment.There are large numbers of changes in the ways aging people experience in their environments, during the years of adulthood and into old age. These changes engross the course of sensation and perception. We define sensation as the transmission of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and feel of the internal and outside environments, into terms that the brain can use to interpret these signals. In contrast, the term perception is the procedure that happens in the brain as it integrates these signals with the person’s past comprehension and information coming from the different experiences.The aging process affects both sensation and perception in the tangential and central mechanism of the nervous system. Lots of information is available which are responsible on the aging of the structures f or sensation compare on the aging of upper level brain centers concerned in perception. There are deep effects on adjustment of the many age correlated changes in the understanding of intellect information. In every day existence adults use sensory and perceptual processes, from ordinary routine interaction to difficult problem situations, and even on matters of life and death.Context is a common issue that may strengthen the usual cognitive problems of aging. The associated changes in the brain dopamine has influence how people process background information, which in turn can hurt concentration memory and more. The psychologist have establish the â€Å"absent link† between the aging brain and waning cognitive abilities, there are also studies that shows where the older people and younger people pathways in context processing. The slow lessening of the ability to gain and utilize background clues could clarify why aging people refuse cognition across a range of function. Psy chologist develops complete, brain based representation of normal aging, that makes them able to eventually slow or stop these worrying cognitive decline.The best example is when psychologist uses dopamine to be used in context   Ã‚  processing which is a kind of psychological â€Å"operating system† that sits among the brain’s prefrontal cortex and cognition; they believe that definite sufficient levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, the prefrontal cortex consistently enables to course for a thought, memory of the actions. Therefore, context processing can have a wide impact, straddling cognitive process once thought to be autonomous. The context processing, has the capability to supersede a defaulting behavior to perform something in a contextually suitable way. To sum it up, in this process helps aging people to decide which way to go to the market, what to utter based on who is listening or what uncertain word would mean in a meticulous sentence.Health promo tion has been a functional social science whose theoretical structure has developed from a psychology, anthropology and sociology foundation. Since 1970’s there are already programs given based on the theories of health promotions, usually implemented across large populations. It is also a mixture of health education and related managerial, political, and economic changes conductive to wellbeing. A health promotion program, then, is planned to improve the health and welfare of individuals and communities by giving the people with the information, expertise, services, and sustainability needed to take on and preserve optimistic lifestyle changes.Successful health promotion programs are health enhancement programs; they go further than providing information to effect behavioral alteration. It emphasize has been on physical health condition and health assurance, usual study of insurance price infer that the health promotion program could decrease morbidity from disease.Two types of learning programs for older drivers have been developed, the first one is precautionary driving approach to decrease fears and sharpen driving skills. The next program is for older citizens who had one or other accidents and uses a defensive-driving/traffic school approach to decrease threat of accident. Programs may be offered in a multiplicity of setting such as senior and district centers.The organization of support groups, conducting of meetings of people with meticulous emotional wants share and discuss the crisis the member faces. These groups can be organized by retirement homes, hospitals, senior centers, and community interest society.  Reassurance of telephone programs, it is the duty of a fit and self sufficient person to voluntary calls a homebound or apprehensive elder person each day at the same time to check on his protection and well being. Transportation programs, there are vans or minibuses that provide transport for older adults or the handicapped to physici ans, hospital, clinics.Volunteer programs, any sort of organization that operates more efficiently and has increased sense of community importance if an efficient volunteer is developed and equipped. Program developments include advances in public wellbeing, preventive and curative medicine, health education, and medical technology have caused enormous changes in the configuration of the populace of aging populations.ConclusionEveryone of us started from being a child until we reach old age, as we grow older we become unique to other people, each of us has a different genetic make up. During the life course, the range of those persons is created by how person invested time and energy. The life time approach to the learning of aging is one way of conceptualizing many of the factors that influence how individual modify as they grow older, and how different personality show unlike patterns of change in aging.Work CitedCockayne K. (2003). Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome. Sociology, Routlidge Publishing.Decalmer P. and Glandenning F. (1997) The Mistreatment of Elderly People. Sociology. Sage Publication. Sage Newbury Park, CA.Davies, J.K., Gordon M., editor (1998). Quality, Evidence, and Health Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Routledge Publishing.Gilford, D. M. (1988).The Aging Population In The Twenty-First Century. Contributor National Academy of Sciences. National Academic Press.Haber, D. (2007). Health Promotion of Aging; Practical Applications for Health Professionals. Fourth edition. Springer Publishing CompanyTimmreck, T.C. (2003).Planning Program Development and Evaluation. Jones and Barlett Publishers.Timiras, P.S., (2002) Physiological Basis of Aging And Geriatrics. Mac Millan Publishing. New York.Webb, R.C., (1999). Psychology of The Consumer And It’s Development .Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York.

Research strategy for locating sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research strategy for locating sources - Essay Example Using the outline, I will search for sources in library database using keywords identified from the outline. Thereafter, I should examine the results so as to pinpoint other terminologies and polish the search. It is also vital for one to comprehend what kind of material is situated in the dissimilar types of database that encompass general, discipline, precise, subject-specific and bulletin sources. Lastly, design an approach that will assist with the recall in searching and precision. It is crucial to understand the varieties of information likely to be found in diverse categories of sources and their suitability in tackling the assignment. Some of the source types include websites, newspapers, reference materials, magazines or academic articles. Using the already located books, I look at their works cited so that they can lead me to other sources. To determine if the source is of use or not, I need to peruse through the source or read the outline or abstract of the sources. This w ill give an understanding of the contents of the books or article, which I will gauge whether it will provide information answering parts of the outline. I will keep the strategy since it has been very useful in locating sources I needed to carry out a couple of researchers papers successfully in the past. The outline is very useful in locating sources. It provides a comprehensive coverage, of the areas of study. Thus, with an outline, it is unlikely for one to leave out crucial information on the area of study.

Pros and Cons of Government Safety Regulations Essay

Pros and Cons of Government Safety Regulations - Essay Example Governments set strict rules for companies that run businesses involving the emission of toxic chemicals that may cause pollution or pose threats to humans and natural resources. An example is the regulations and standards set by EPA (2015) on carbon emissions. Regulations that limit the levels of wastes or emission serve to protect people from infections or depletion of other ecosystems. Second, safety regulations in business services limit the movement of goods in the market to prevent possible harm to consumers. Safety regulations serve to ensure uncertified products do not get to the market. In the health sector, safety regulations ensure only qualified practitioners provide services. Furthermore, safety regulations ensure that medications supplied to consumers are in the best conditions to attend to the condition. In essence, safety regulations serve the interest of consumers. Although they are essential, safety regulations also have varied challenges. Among the notable disadvan tages is the interference with the optimization of goods. Safety regulations are disadvantageous because they cause high prices of goods. The supply of goods and services is highly likely to be subject to interference under safety regulations. There are possible cases of shortages of goods and services that are subject to government safety regulations. That, consequently, causes an increase in the price of goods and services.  

Institutional Investments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Institutional Investments - Essay Example Last part of this article would highlight some of the tactics devised in order to control discount trading of investment trust. Summary at the end of this article would conclude this article. Investment Trusts Investment trusts are those types of companies, which are provided the domicile of United Kingdom such that they are listed in the London Stock Exchange. They mainly invest in the equities and securities of the companies across the world, which are listed in different stock exchanges (Redhead, 2008). These investment trusts are run by the panel of the independent directors who take care of the affairs of the investment trusts. Investment trusts are somehow different with the investment companies such that investment companies are domiciled outside the jurisdiction of UK such as Jersey or Guernsey (Redhead, 2008). Pricing of Investment Trusts The pricing of investment trusts are made based on a conceptual term named as Net Asset Value or NAV. Net asset value is the market value of all the investments held by the investment companies. Therefore, the market value of any investment trust is actually the NAV of the investments (Levy and Post, 2005). In case if the market value of the shares issued by the investment trust exceeds NAV, then this concept refers as the shares of the investment trusts are trading at a premium. ... This means that the shares of the investment trust are trading at discount. Very occasionally, it appears that the investment trust share is trading at a premium. The following discussion entails the factors that cause the investment trust shares trading at a discount. Investment shares trading at a discount can be regarded as one of the integral aspects that operate behind the performance of the investment trust. The measurement of the shares of the investment trusts can be made in two ways. Firstly, the share price of the investment trusts quoted at the stock exchange. Secondly, market value per share of the assets of those companies, which are held by the investment trusts. In this way, discount can be calculated by simply taking the difference between the price per share of investment trusts and net assets value divided by the net assets value. Principally, the discount is regarded as the function of demand and supply mechanism for the shares of the investment trust. However, the discounts, and specifically the fluctuations in discounts are more important and follow some basis rules, which help understand the problem of investment trust shares trading at a discount more consistently. In case if the discount rate increases, this indicates that there are more chances that the discounted shares will be priced higher in future. This suggests that the investment trust shares are quite attractive especially against those investment trust shares, which are currently trading at a premium (Baums and Buxbaum, 1994). However, this mechanism is not as easy and simpler as it appears, had there been such a potential in the discounted investment shares for a possible price increase, the whole market

Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade in the USA Research Paper

Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade in the USA - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, approximately five hundred and fifty billion dollars in subsidies is available every year all over the globe. Several nations have executed carbon taxes or energy taxes that are associated with carbon content and most of the environmentally linked taxes with ramifications for the emission of greenhouse gases in OECD nations are imposed on energy products as well as motor vehicles instead of direct carbon dioxide emissions. Opposition of the rising regulation of the environment like the carbon taxes usually concentrates on concerns that firms might relocate and there is a possibility of people losing their jobs. However, there have been arguments that carbon taxes have a higher level of efficiency compared to direct regulation and may result to increased rates of employment. Numerous large users of carbon resources in the generation of electricity like the US and china among others, remain opposed to carbon taxation. If a tax is put in place, policymakers would levy a particular fee for every ton of carbon dioxide emitted or for every ton of carbon that is contained in fossil fuels. Through the tax entities would be motivated to reduce their emissions in the event that the cost of this reduction is lower than the costs associated with paying the related taxes. Consequently, the tax would create an upper limit on the cost of reduction of emissions but the overall amount of carbon dioxide that would be generated in a specific year would remain uncertain. Conversely, through the cap-and-trade initiative, policymakers would set a limit on overall emissions in a particular period and would obligate the regulated entities to hold allowances to the emissions that are allowed under the cap (Hordeski 196). Every allowance would permit companies to emit a single tone of carbon dioxide of have one tone of carbon in the fuel they sell. Consequent to the distribution of the allowances for a specific period, entities would have the freedom to

Adolescent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Adolescent - Essay Example The paper will also address some of the areas that a person working with an elderly person should consider. Moreover, the paper will elaborate why these areas can be considered as key issues while working with elderly persons. Lastly, the paper will address alarming issues about a situation whereby a parent neglects a girl aged two years. More specifically, the paper will look into deviations from normal development and the legal, ethical, and procedural responsibilities of a community worker in such a situation. Case Study Question 1 Introduction Teenage years signify the transition from childhood to adulthood; a teenager can be considered as a person who cannot be termed as either a child or an adult. Puberty, which normally starts at the age of 14 years, signals significant changes in physical, cognitive, psychological, social, and emotional aspects. A girl aged fourteen years encounters major hormonal changes, which have an impact on the self image of the teenager, affect moods, the relationship with other people, and the overall outlook that the teenager has about life. A girl aged fourteen years will undergo changes in the named aspects. These changes are as discussed below. Physical Changes According to Rathus (2007), some of the physical changes that can be experienced in a 14-year girl include the development and enlargement of breasts as well as the nipples. The size of breasts becomes larger, signifying the impact of hormones present in the body of the teenage girl. Another physical change that could be experienced in a girl at the age of fourteen years includes growing tall as their hips, legs and thighs become taller. The tone of the voice changes as the voice of the girl becomes high pitched, and the skin also becomes light in color. The girl would also start experiencing acne as the skin becomes oily, thus making the girl prone to having pimples. Another change that could signify deviation from normal growth in a 14-year-old girl includes conside rable weight gain experienced by the girl. The gain in weight for girls usually takes place after the girl experiences the first menstruation. Other changes, which would indicate deviation from the normal, include an increase in height whereby the girl becomes taller than other girls below her age. The girl would also experience physical growth in terms of broadening of shoulders. There would be changes seen in the lower portion of the head, which begins to grow since the nose grows in both length and width and the chin lengthens. Changes in the proportion of the face can also be experienced due to changes attributed to tissue distribution; in a girl aged fourteen years, the contours of both the body and face become round (Malina, Bouchard & Bar-Or, 2004). Psychological Changes As much as puberty contributes to the development of the body, it also impacts on the development of the mind. At the age of fourteen years, a girl may feel the burden of the world on them. The girl loses chi ldhood innocence, thus developing a mind that can process thoughts and concepts that tend to be abstract. Psychologically, the girl strives to find and establish some identity. Psychological changes that the girl will undergo include an increase in self-awareness and development of a feeling of self-consciousness. At fourteen years, the girl will develop the ability to question what happens in the world around her. As a result, they start seeing the bigger picture of life; as a result, they develop a sense of how they want to fit into the bigger picture (Rathus, 2007). Another psychological change that will be experienced in the girl includes feeling sensitive. This emanates from the fact that the girl’

Curricula of ACARA and VELS in LOTE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curricula of ACARA and VELS in LOTE - Essay Example LOTE is a subject of languages other than English, taught to students based on the designed curriculum of ACARA and VELS (Amery, 2000). Curriculum of both these systems for LOTE has some basic similarities and differences. Part A: Focus Answer: 2) ACARA and VELS’ curricula for LOTE subject seem to focus on the development of students’ skills in terms of additional knowledge about different language. Along with the vision, focused content does also have some similarities as both curricula have divided languages into categories, namely Aboriginal languages, Roman alphabetical language, Non-Roman alphabetical languages, Character languages, Sign language, and Classical languages (VELS, 2009). These six types of languages are offered in VELS systems, while ACARA curriculum offers Australian languages, world languages, classical languages, and Australian sign language. Answer: 3) VELS and ACARA curricula are closely related to each other in LOTE domain as both these learning curricula focus on preparing students for later years, by teaching some international languages and keep on enhancing their language skills with passing years. This focus is made believing that learning different languages can foster reflective, profound, and critical thinking in particular manners (VELS, 2009). It is noticeable that with the designed curricula students have to learn these languages for some years, which polish their language skills and even if they do not want to continue in the future. They would have sufficient knowledge to communicate successfully in professional grounds particularly in global organizations, where workforce belongs to diverse ethnic backgrounds (Robertson, 2012). Part B: Messages Answer: 1) VELS curricula include an aspect of history in this domain as the professional working to teach students different languages along with the knowledge of history, geography and shopping aspects of the language spoken in particular regions (VELS, 2007). VELS c urriculum offers a wide range of voices and settings to strengthen written and oral language skills; students are given opportunities to refer to simple history, stories, legends, rhymes, and songs of different language. Also, students following VELS curriculum are encouraged to discover other specific features, natures and tools of the languages. On the other hand, ACARA curriculum also offers similar opportunities with some distinct attributes such as in the ACARA system vocabulary and grammar are highly focused on with a great variety of information through print and electronic sources (ACARA, 2011). Unlike VELS, this curriculum does not simply help students learn about different languages and their cultural belongings, but ACARA also focuses on providing knowledge about values and laws differing from culture to culture (ACARA, 2011). Answer: 6) Both these curricula explicitly highlight the importance of learning

Alliant health system Essay Example for Free

Alliant health system Essay From my point of view no strategy is perfectly sound. There are some or other lacking points in every strategy. In case of alliants strategy, although they have made quite advancements but in last 5yrs they have hit a few unexpected obstacles and drawbacks that has staggered their progress. alliants were only been able to lay the base. The working of alliants was facing the problem of in cordiality to the total quality management philosophy. For alliants to eliminate the problem the quality process still needs a jumpstart ,even the physicians show broader there view point, implementation of an IT system that fully supports total quality management by getting them the data and the important facts it need to have to in cooperate innovation in future in their organisation. Even the CEO wolford said that he cannot talk about any one area which is doing substantially well than its competitors. alliants were finding a problem to get plans into implementation. Even as per the statistics the unable to monitor rate was around 2% to 70%. How well have they implemented the quality strategy? Alliants thought of a new action plan to introduce total quality management with the help of quality management team with a 10 pointer action setup. This time they were determent that the implementation of plans takes up systematically. Mainly 4 area of TQM strategy were taken of well. 1) CARES+ this process was implemented all across the alliants. This helped in shifting from the traditional system of the planning to the improvement of the quality which was highly efficient. 2) EQUIP- this was an idea to give voice to the employees. They were allowed to share their point of view and give their ideas, innovations and communicate with the higher management of the organisation. 3) . Quality Improvement Teams- these teams brought the technicality and specific analytical tools to bring implementation in action. 4) . Critical Paths 3. Evaluate their information technology needs. Believed information technology (I/T) is a key in the future strength of TQM Need â€Å"expert systems – computers to help the mind† â€Å"Was a shift in focus: to patient-oriented systems rather than functional, â€Å"stove pipe† applications that met narrow departmental needs. Physicians, clinical support professionals, and administrators could share information and drive continuous improvement in service â€Å"HELP offered advice on possible diagnoses, cost-effective treatments, resource scheduling, and drug contraindications. † New I/T strategy offered significant advantages over Alliant’s existing patchwork of stand-alone systems: System worked concurrently – advice was available as patient was being treated Had the potential to improve coordination dramatically by collecting data from all corners of the hospital into a single patient-centered system 4. Would you proceed with HELP? From my point of view, yes we should proceed with HELP. As this improving the quality, saving time and even the paper. This system has helped the hospital in making the whole organisation a one working unit. This is basically a single patient orient system that has all the information about every patient who has been admitted in any of their hospital in any other area. This has eliminated the repeated data and has been proved to be more productive, efficient and well organised. 5. What would you do to make sure implementation is successful? The steps which i would take will involve

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines A novel combination adjuvant platform for human and animal vaccines   Ravendra Garg, Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Volker and Gerdts Abstract Adjuvants are critical component of vaccines. They are being used to enhance and extend the overall immune response, to drive the response towards a specific type of immunity, and to reduce the need for multiple booster immunizations. Here we report the development of a combination adjuvant platform consisting of three immune stimulators, namely host defence peptides, polyphosphazenes and PolyI:C/CpG ODN. The adjuvant platform was co-formulated with a variety of human and animal vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. When co-formulated with a wide range of viral and bacterial antigens including Bordetella pertussis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Chlamydia trachomatis and influenza antigens, a single immunization induced 100-1,000 fold stronger humoral immune responses (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), a much earlier onset of immunity, a clear shift towards a more balanced or Th-1 type of response and extended duration of immunity of up to two years in some cases. The vacc ines were highly effective in neonates of less than 7 days of age and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with B. pertussis or RSV. Furthermore, the polyphosphazenes in this combination allow the assembly of microparticles that when lyophilized were stable for several months. Intranasal immunization with these microparticles induced strong mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, the adjuvant platform was highly effective in the presence of maternal antibodies. In summary, we developed a novel vaccine platform for neonates, which provided more balanced, long lasting and fully protective immune responses in neonates after a single vaccination only. Introduction Vaccine provides huge public health benefits for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. Live vaccines generate effective immune responses but have been associated with a number of safety concerns, including improper attenuation and reverting back to virulence.   Nonliving vaccine antigens i.e. whole, inactivated viruses and specifically recombinant or highly purified subunit vaccines are often weakly immunogenic and need adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine based on antibodies and effector T cell functions to prevent infection. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccines, usually used to stimulate faster, stronger, and long-lasting immune responses to vaccines. It has various roles in vaccine formulations i.e. enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens, provide faster onset of immunity, improving immune responses to immunization in infant or elderly populations, whose immune system are immature or waning, dose sparing, either reducing the quantity of antigen required in the vaccine preparation or reducing the immunization schedule (Coffman, Sher et al. 2010). Adjuvants are absolutely required in subunit vaccines due to the poor immunogenicity of such antigens. There is no single universal adjuvant which can cover all the vaccine requirements. Using single adjuvant has a number of limitations, including induction of weak, improper, and short lived immune responses. For example, alum and MF59 (Kenney and Edelman 2003) are the universally approved adjuvant for human vaccines. Both normally induce a Th2 biased immune responses but not cellular immune responses which required for immunity against intracellular infections. In many novel adjuvant technologies, using multiple adjuvants in combination often act synergistically by stimulating and activating a various type of immune cells. Combination of adjuvants platform is promising and beneficial for suboptimal vaccines and particularly advantageous for vaccines against specific and more susceptible populations, such as neonates and the older adults. In some aspects, the neonate immune system is similar to that of the elderly, both having diminished anti-microbial activity by immune cells, reduce d antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells and compromised adaptive immune responses (Simon, Hollander et al. 2015). Strong adjuvants may provide an approach to boost immune responses in the both neonates and elderly populations. Most of the studies have combined a delivery system with an immunostimulatory adjuvant, especially combinations with the TLR agonists and MPL. Combination adjuvants have only recently been vigorously explored. Some combinations have been tested in humans and large animals and have yielded promising results. Recently, we developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) which is highly effective with wide range of animal and human vaccine. Novel Combination adjuvant platform for animal vaccines: Veterinary vaccines have been used for several of years, and have an important role in protecting animal health, animal welfare, food production, and public health. They are a cost-effective method to prevent animal disease, improve the food production, greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals and reduce or prevent transmission of zoonotic disease to human. Interestingly, the challenges related with vaccinating animals are stability, low cost, ease of administration etc., require new solutions in vaccine development. Freund introduced a combination of mineral oils and bacterial cell components (Freunds complete adjuvant) for the improvement of vaccine immune responses (Freund et al., 1937). However, many nations are not using the Freunds adjuvant in animals due to its reactivity and side effects. Alum and emulsions based formulations have been successfully used since long time in a wide variety of animal vaccines. However, with an advanced underst anding of the immune system, many new adjuvants (Saponins, Liposomes, virosomes, particle based and TRL ligand) have recently been developed for veterinary applications. A wide range of adjuvants has been successfully used in commercial vaccines for animals and several new technologies are currently in preclinical development. Over the past decade, we have seen several new combination adjuvants, typically contain two and three individual adjuvant components, including MF59â„ ¢ (Novartis Inc.), ASâ„ ¢ (Glaxo Smith Kline Inc.), IC31â„ ¢ (Valneva Inc.) etc. We recently developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) that is contained of three components, namely toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist either PolyI:C or CpG ODN and an immunostimulatory host defense peptide (HDPs) in polyphosphazene carrier system (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). Synthetic PolyI:C and CpG ODNs are well known potent adjuvant with various vaccine antigens and have been shown to enhance immune responses by activating monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and B cells, and induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines   (Krieg 2002; Trumpfheller, Longhi et al. 2012). The second component, HDPs are derivatives of natural host defense peptides, which are cationic amp hipathic peptides with microbicidal, chemotactic and/or immunomodulatory properties (Yeung, Gellatly et al. 2011). HDPs are involved in a range of immune functions including immune cell recruitment (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells and mast cells), innate immune activation, and wound healing (Jenssen, Hamill et al. 2006). The third component, polyphosphazenes are synthetic water-soluble biodegradable polymer with immunostimulatory properties, and forms non-covalent complexes with variety of viral and bacterial antigens and/or other adjuvants to enhance their stability, immunogenicity and allow multimeric presentation (Mutwiri, Benjamin et al. 2007; Andrianov, DeCollibus et al. 2009; Kovacs-Nolan, Latimer et al. 2009; Awate, Wilson et al. 2012). When vaccine antigens were co-formulated with this combination, we found much faster onset of immunity, highly effective even after a single immunization and significantly long lasting, robust, protective immune responses against variety of animal pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The combination adjuvant is stable, cost effective and highly effective in a variety of animals including pigs, sheep, cattle, koalas, cotton rats and mice (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011; Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Snider, Garg et al. 2014; Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). For example, formulation of E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus with TriAdj resulted in strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses, leading to significant protection following pathogen challenge of calves (Snider, Garg et al. 2014). Fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus co-formulated with TriAdj developed significantly higher antibod ies and interferon gamma secretion (Kovacs-Nolan, Mapletoft et al. 2009). Similarly, formulation of S1 domain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and outer membrane protein of chlamydial major   with TriAdj enhanced humoral and cell mediated immune response in pig and koalas respectively (Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Makadiya, Brownlie et al. 2016). Novel Combination adjuvant platform for human vaccines: Several combination adjuvants consisting of a variety of immunomodulators such as Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), montanides, nanoemulsions, and Adjuvant Systems have been developed in recent years and are currently being tested with human vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. The novel adjuvant platform, TriAdj was co-formulated with various human vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. This adjuvant platform is highly effective against a variety of infectious diseases. TriAdj was shown to promote the induction of strong immune responses to various viral and bacterial antigens in multiple animals. For instance, TriAdj in combination with fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), mediated the induction of robust, balanced and long-term protective immunity by stimulating long-lived neutralizing antibodies, memory B and CD8+ T cells against hRSV (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013; Garg, Latimer et al. 2014). In addition, mucosal vaccination with TriAdj formulated antigen induced both systemic and local immunity in neonates, even in the face of maternal antibodies (Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). Similarly, when TriAdj was used with pertussis toxoid of Bordetella pertussis, strong and protective immune responses were found in both mice and pigs against lethal infection with B. pertussis (Gracia, Polewicz et al. 2011; Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011). Furthermore, the vaccine formulated with TriAdj induced a prompt onset, longer duration than existing commercial vaccines and effective after a single vaccination even in the presence of maternal antibodies. (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2013). TriAdj platform was also formulated with influenza virus antigens or chlamydia antigens, which induces strong immune responses in vaccinated animals (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Shim, Ko et al. 2010). The combination of adjuvants was also shown to be suitable for maternal immunization. Vaccination of pregnant animals with TriAdj formulated human vaccines resulted in efficient transfer of maternal antibodies and protection from subsequent challenge of the offspring (Elahi, Buchanan et al. 2006; Garg, Latimer et al. 2016). These results indicate that maternal immunization with TriAdj formulated antigens might be an alternative, safe and effective approach to provide protection against pathogens in newborn and young infants. Furthermore, the adjuvant platform can be formulated into microspheres (100 nm to 2 ÃŽ ¼m) to enhance the mucosal and syt emic immune response following intranasal vaccination (Garlapati, Garg et al. 2012). The TriAdj is expected to have multiple applications for the development of vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens and possibly other infectious agents. Mechanisms of action of novel Combination adjuvant platform: A number of mechanisms of action were identified for this novel combination adjuvant. For example, TriAdj as a mucosal adjuvant increased antigen uptake by dendritic cells, improved dendritic cell maturation, and more efficient transported to local draining lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells   (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). TriAdj with antigens promoted the production of chemokines, cytokines and inflammatory cytokines, followed by recruitment and activation of several immune cell populations including dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils to the upper and lower respiratory tract, that leads to strong and long-term   protective immune responses of this novel adjuvant formulation (Sarkar, Garg et al. 2016). This was further correlated to the induction of local humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including production of large numbers of IgA secreting memory B cells as well as effective memory CD8+ T cells. TriAdj also promoted increased germinal centre react ions and effective B cell activation and development in the lungs following mucosal immunization (Garg, Theaker et al. 2016). References   Andrianov, A. K., D. P. DeCollibus, et al. (2009). Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(45): 18936-18941. Awate, S., H. L. Wilson, et al. (2012). Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Molecular immunology 51(3-4): 292-303. Coffman, R. L., A. Sher, et al. (2010). Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 33(4): 492-503. Elahi, S., R. M. Buchanan, et al. (2006). Maternal immunity provides protection against pertussis in newborn piglets. Infect Immun 74(5): 2619-2627. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2014). Vaccination with the RSV fusion protein formulated with a combination adjuvant induces long-lasting protective immunity. J Gen Virol 95(Pt 5): 1043-1054. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2015). The respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant induces balanced immune responses in lambs with maternal antibodies. Vaccine. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2013). Induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunisation with a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine formulation. The Journal of general virology. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2016). Maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from RSV in newborn lambs. Vaccine 34(2): 261-269. Garg, R., M. Theaker, et al. (2016). A single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal IgA production than live respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 499: 288-297. Garlapati, S., R. Garg, et al. (2012). Enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles. Vaccine 30(35): 5206-5214. Gracia, A., M. Polewicz, et al. (2011). Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations. Vaccine 29(8): 1595-1604. Jenssen, H., P. Hamill, et al. (2006). Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews 19(3): 491-511. Kenney, R. T. and R. Edelman (2003). Survey of human-use adjuvants. Expert review of vaccines 2(2): 167-188. Khan, S. A., C. Waugh, et al. (2014). Vaccination of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with a recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein adjuvanted with poly I:C, a host defense peptide and polyphosphazine, elicits strong and long lasting cellular and humoral immune responses. Vaccine 32(44): 5781-5786. Kindrachuk, J., H. Jenssen, et al. (2009). A novel vaccine adjuvant comprised of a synthetic innate defence regulator peptide and CpG oligonucleotide links innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 27(34): 4662-4671. Kovacs-Nolan, J., L. Latimer, et al. (2009). The novel adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene induces potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Vaccine 27(14): 2055-2064. Kovacs-Nolan, J., J. W. Mapletoft, et al. (2009). Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. The Journal of general virology 90(Pt 8): 1892-1905. Krieg, A. M. (2002). CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 709-760. Makadiya, N., R. Brownlie, et al. (2016). S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein as a vaccine antigen. Virol J 13: 57. Mutwiri, G., P. Benjamin, et al. (2007). Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) is a potent enhancer of mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses in mice immunized with influenza virus antigens. Vaccine 25(7): 1204-1213. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2011). Influence of maternal antibodies on active pertussis toxoid immunization of neonatal mice and piglets. Vaccine 29(44): 7718-7726. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2013). Novel vaccine formulations against pertussis offer earlier onset of immunity and provide protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 31(31): 3148-3155. Sarkar, I., R. Garg, et al. (2016). Formulation of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with a polymer-based combination adjuvant promotes transient and local innate immune responses and leads to improved adaptive immunity. Vaccine 34(42): 5114-5124. Shim, D. H., H. J. Ko, et al. (2010). Efficacy of poly[di(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) as mucosal adjuvant to induce protective immunity against respiratory pathogens. Vaccine 28(11): 2311-2317. Simon, A. K., G. A. Hollander, et al. (2015). Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282(1821): 20143085. Snider, M., R. Garg, et al. (2014). The bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein formulated with a novel adjuvant induces strong, balanced immune responses and provides protection from viral challenge in cattle. Vaccine 32(50): 6758-6764. Trumpfheller, C., M. P. Longhi, et al. (2012). Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines: a novel approach to induce T-cell immunity. Journal of Internal Medicine 271(2): 183-192. Yeung, A., S. Gellatly, et al. (2011). Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: 1-16.

Quantitative research

Quantitative research Introduction (150) Quantitative research is the investigation of phenomena that give themselves to exact measurement and quantification, which attached a rigorous and controlled design (Polit Beck 2008). Its has main purpose is to measure concept or variables objectively in numerical and statistical process, also relationship between variables (Parahoo 2006). The research methods are obtained from research design and generally include sample, intervention (if applicable), instruments, data collection, and data analysis (eds. Joyce Meredith 2006). In many instances, the quantitative research needs such as questionnaires or interview, computers and large sample sizes. This article is to explore of a quantitative research by Kalij and William (2009) the view of its data objectivity, sample size and selection, process data collection, data presentation and analysis, using the relevant references to support this discussion. The objectives are to prove with evidences if the Khalij and Williams study (2009) fulfills the requirements of quantitative research. Objectivity (150) Objectivity is amount of involvement of the researcher relates during the collection and analysis of the data (Marcella n.d.a). Polit and Beck (2008) argued objectivity meant researcher tend to stay away any impression of subjectivity or impersonal during study process. Parahoo (2006) explained the data which collected and analyzed are expected to be free from bias between researcher and participants. It means the researcher is detached or does not active participate from practice and there is no intervention between researcher and participant. Also the participants use the same actual measurements for data collection. Further the bias of research can be minimized and the objectivity of the study can be maximized. In The Kalish and Williams study (2009) showed that they did not participate and used measurements to collect the data. It showed in their study that during data collection, they involved staff nurses in four hospitals and used psychometric testing tool. Hard data (148) Hard data is characteristic of quantitative study. Polit and Beck (2008) said that quantitative data are the information obtained during process of study course in a quantified (numeric value). (Janet Houser 2008) argued the other numerical data specific patients symptoms put in rank order the scales which contained intervals, comparisons between subjects. Other instance the researchers with rigorously designed tools should be able to grasp the reality (Parahoo 2006). For example scale of depression and pain in numeric value. That means the data can be measured and quantified in some way. In the nursing practice we always face with the hard data. For instance are physical (height, weight, gender), physiological (vital signs, laboratory results, visual acuity), past medical histories, psychological and social or behavior. This data are shown in Kalish and Williams study (2009) during their study while collected data: sample size, genders, experience, education degree, and work location in quantified data. Statistic (142) Statistic is very important aspect in the quantitative research. After data are collected can be analyzed using statistic and presented in numerical form. Polit and Beck (2008) said that statistic is an estimate of a parameter, calculated from sample data. They emphasized statistics are used to test hypotheses and evaluate the believability of the finding. Researchers usually use statistical computer to expedite calculation and ensure accuracy (ed. Joyce and Meredith 2006). They mentioned statistic methods are used in every process include in the final report to search the correlations, comparisons of means, trend and significance of finding to refute hypothesis. Its reinforce that statistic is one of characteristic in quantitative research. Its applied in Kalishs study process while selecting data sampling and analyzing data which showed in the tables and the data was analyzed by statistical computer, descriptive statistic and inferential statistic. Sample selection (269) Janet Holt (2009, p. 235) said that sampling is the process to select a small group of participant for study with the goal of making generalization from large population based on findings. Polit and Beck (2008) argued that sampling is the process of selecting portion of the population to represent from the entire population element. There are differentiation ways in sample selection; sampling designs, sample size and sampling steps. Polit and Beck (2008) mentioned that there are two sampling designs; probability sampling and non probability sampling. Probability sampling contents; simple random, stratified random, cluster and systemic sampling. The non probability sampling has contents; convenience, quota and purposive sampling. Janet Houser (2008) explained sample size in quantitative research to determine sample in adequacy is power. Its an analysis to indicate the large of sample which needed to adequately detect a difference in result variable. Polit and Beck (2008) suggested the steps in this research sampling as follow; the population identify, the specific eligibility criteria, the specific sampling plan and sample recruitment. They emphasized researcher during sample recruitment to gain the participant cooperation use means of courtesy, persistence, incentives, research benefits, sharing results, convenience, and endorsement. This study sample collection was implemented in the kalishstudy. They used random sampling to collect the participant data from four hospitals in different unit. The study used N symbol which designed for the total number, and n symbol is designed for number of subject. They took large sample size with total samples (N=1098). They applied ratio of sample size during sample collection. They gained the participant cooperation which provided incentives (jumbo-sized candy and bar a pizza party). Data collection (285) Parahoo (2006) said data collection is methods to measure the data sampling which utilized the instrument tools: questionnaires, observation schedule and other measuring tools. He emphasized that the methods should be predetermined, structured and standardized. Polit and Beck (2003) developed data collection plan include identifying data needs, selecting types of measures, selecting and developing instruments, pre testing the data collection package, and developing data collection forms and procedures. They stressed Important aspects should be considered while implementing the data collection plans are the selecting research personal and personal and the training data collector. Nancy and Susan (2007) explained data collection is the process of obtaining the subject and collecting the data for the research. They explained five tasks during data collection process: recruiting subjects, maintaining consistency, maintaining controls, protecting study integrity, and solving the problem. Structure, quantifiability, obstrusiveness, and objectivity are important elements when selecting data collection instruments (Marcella n.d.a). We have to understand and maintain the important dimension the data collection methods when applied in the data collection plan, and implementing. The obtained data should be accurate, valid, and meaningful to respond the questions. Kalish and William implemented the data collection process in their study. They applied the approaching methods to maintain the important dimensions in data collection such as a tool of missed nursing care and reason for missed care. The Data collection plan used to identify data needs for instance in the describing sample characteristic of participants (table 2.). They construct the tool in their survey to gain the quantify data. While implementing data collection, they selected research personal is staff nurse experts. The training data collector was done which distributed a copy of tool, informed consent form and a letter explaining the study. Data analysis and presentation (299) Joyce and Meredith (ed. 2006) said data analysis is a systematic method of examining data gathered for any research investigation to support hypothesis. This system implements in the data analysis process: the data analysis preparation, the sample description, reliability of measurement test, exploratory analysis conduction, exploratory analysis, confirmatory analysis and posthoc analysis conduction (Nancy Susan 2007). Parahoo (2006) stated analysis data can be obtained from measurement level, and then analyzed with statistical level. He mentioned two statistic levels those are descriptive statistic and inferential statistic. There are several statistical computer programs (SPSS, SAS, LISREL, EQS, etc) which help the researcher to calculate these test statistics and their sampling distribution (eds. Joyce Meredith 2006). Marcella (n.d.b) explained there are two types of inferential statistics are parametric (t-test, ANOVA, Multiple regressions) and non parametric (Chi-square, Rank Correlation, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis). Quantitative research result may be presented in the tables, charts and graphs (Michael, Patricia Frances, 2007, cited Russell, 2005). In conclusion that data analysis is systemic method of examination data started from data collection which used measurement level then data were analyzed by statistical level and presented in the tables, charts and graphs to support hypothesis. Kalish and Williams study (2009) implemented the data analysis process which utilized measurement level and statistical level which completed using SPSS in their study. First step is checking of data accuracy using ordinal scale. The second is describing sample, they use central tendency and dispersion to test the contrast validity. The third is testing the reliability of measurement, they applied cronbach alpha coefficient. Fourth they conducted exploratory analysis as the extraction technique and varimax as orthogonal rotation method, also analyzed using oblique rotation. Fifth they conducted the confirmatory analysis used AMOS version 16. Last step they used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to conduct posthoc analysis. Result study was presented in the table presentation. Conclusion (118) This essay has tried to explore the Kalish and Williams study (2009) about the development and psychometric testing of a tool to measure missed nursing care. Their study has approached and fulfilled the major requirement of quantitative research characteristics that include objectivity, hard data and statistic. They applied quantitative study process which consists of conceptual, design and planning, empirical, analytic and dissemination phase as suggested by Polit and Beck (2004). They also utilized data analysis process of Nancy and Susan (2008). In general view of Kalish and Williams study (2009) has applied the quantitative research systematically. Improvement progress monitoring was done, but effectiveness overview the tool is still recommended to apply in the base practice for long period. References: 1. Carol L. Macnee Susan Mc. Cabe (2008) Understanding nursing research: using research in evidence-base practice, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott and William a Wolter Kluwer Business. 2. Denise F, Polit Cheryl Tatano Beck (2010) Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot William Wilkins. 3. Denise F, Polit Cheryl Tatano Beck (2008) Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot William Wilkins. 4. Denise F, Polit Cheryl Tatano Beck (2003) Nursing research: principle and methods, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot William Wilkins. 5. Kader Parahoo (2006) Nursing research principles, process and issues, 2nd ed. Hamspire: Palgrave Macmillan. 6. Janet Holt (2009) Reading research series quantitative research: an overview, British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, Vol. 4(5), pp. 234-236. 7. Janet Houser (2008) Nursing research: reading, using and creating evidence, Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Sudbury. 8. Joyce J.F. Meredith W. (eds) 2006, Encyclopedia of nursing, 2nd ed. New York: Springer Publishing. 9. Marcella Hart (n.d.a) Birthing a research project: data collection, International Journal of Childbirth Education, Vol. 22(3) pp. 27-31. 10. Marcella Hart (n.d.b) Birthing a research project: data analysis, International Journal of Childbirth Education, Vol. 22(4), pp. 24-28. 11. Michael Coughlan, Patricia Cronin Frances Ryan (2007) Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. part 1: quantitative research, British Journal of Nursing, Vol. 16(11), pp. 658-663. 12. Nancy Burns Susan K. Grove (2007) Understanding nursing research: building an evidence-base practice, 4th ed. Missouri, Saunders an Imprint of Elsevier.